Spirulina platensis en el tratamiento de la obesidad y de algunas de sus consecuencias / Spirulina platensis in the Treatment of Obesity and some of its Consequences

Introducción: La Spirulina platensis constituye un sustancial reservorio de nutrientes y de alimentos funcionales con un bajo contenido de calorías. Aunque en la literatura se mencionan varias cualidades benéficas, una de ellas es aumentar la sensación de saciedad, lo que abre la posibilidad de ser empleada en la prevención y tratamiento de la obesidad y de algunas de sus consecuencias. Objetivo: Describir el papel de la Spirulina platensis en el tratamiento de la obesidad y de algunas de sus consecuencias. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura relevante sobre el tema en el primer cuatrimestre de 2020. Se utilizaron como buscadores de información científica: Pubmed, Scielo, Google y Google Académico. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó los siguientes términos como palabras clave: Espirulina; Spirulina platensis; Obesidad; Exceso de peso. Se evaluaron artículos de revisión, de investigación y páginas Web que, en general, tenían menos de 10 años de publicados, en idioma español, portugués e inglés, y que hicieran referencia específicamente al tema de estudio a través del título. Fueron excluidos los artículos que no cumplieron con estas condiciones. Esto permitió el estudio de 75 referencias bibliográficas, de las cuales 51 se citaron en el presente artículo. Conclusiones: La Spirulina platensis representa una opción como suplemento nutraceútico y funcional, con valor preventivo y coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la obesidad y de algunas de sus consecuencias, al menos a corto plazo(AU)

Introduction: Spirulina platensis is a substantial reservoir of functional foods and nutrients with low calorie content. Although several beneficial qualities are mentioned in the scientific literature, one of them is to increase the feeling of satiety, which opens the possibility of being used for preventing and treating obesity, as well as some of its consequences. Objective: To describe the role of Spirulina platensis for treating obesity and some of its consequences. Methods: A search of relevant literature on the subject was carried out in the first four months of 2020. The following scientific information search engines were used: Pubmed, Scielo, Google and Google Scholar. The search strategy included the following terms as keywords: espirulina [spirulina], Spirulina platensis, obesidad [obesity], exceso de peso [overweight]. Review articles, research articles and Web pages were assessed, which, in general, had been published within less than ten years, in Spanish, Portuguese and English, and which made specific reference to the study topic through their titles. Articles that did not meet these conditions were excluded. This allowed the study of 75 bibliographic references, of which 51 were cited in this article. Conclusions: Spirulina platensis is an option as a nutraceutical and functional supplement, with preventive and coadjutant value for the treatment of obesity and some of its consequences, at least in the short term(AU)

Effect of beinaglutide treatment on weight loss in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of beinaglutide on weight loss and plasma protein patterns of inflammation/obesity relevant cytokines and biomarkers. Materials and methods: This study involved 36 adult patients with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 24 kg/m2 and T2DM. Beinaglutide was administered for three months. Changes in body weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose (2h-PG) level, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, BMI and visceral and subcutaneous fat areas were measured at baseline and after three months of treatment. In addition, relevant inflammation/obesity cytokines and biomarkers were measured. Results: After three months, beinaglutide treatment led to significant changes, including in body weight, BMI, FPG level, HbA1c level, visceral and subcutaneous fat areas. In addition, serpin E1, leptin, C-reaction protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) also decreased significantly. The plasma protein concentrations of CRP (Log2 transformed) were found to be positively correlated with the percentage of weight loss (R = 0.514 and p-value = 0.021). Conclusion: Beinaglutide treatment resulted in weight loss, plasma glucose control and anti-inflammatory effects in patients with T2DM and overweight/obesity.

Eficacia y seguridad de la liraglutida como tratamiento coadyuvante para disminuir el índice de masa corpora / Efficacy and safety of liraglutide as a adjuvant treatment to reduce the body mass index / Eficácia e segurança do liraglutido como tratamento adjuvante para reduzir o índice de massa corpora

Introducción. El sobrepeso y la obesidad son condiciones que vienen en aumento en Colombia y en el mundo, lo cual es preocupante ya que gene-ran predisposición para enfermedades que causan alta morbimortalidad. El tratamiento para estas enfermedades necesita un enfoque multidiscipli-nario que incluya hábitos saludables con cambios en la dieta, aumento de la actividad física y, en ocasiones, uso de fármacos y cirugía bariá-trica como tratamiento coadyuvante. Algunos medicamentos GLP-1 han demostrado eficacia en la pérdida de peso, en especial la liraglutida, un medicamento usado como complemento de la dieta y el ejercicio para lograr mayor control glucémico en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que también tienen enfermedad cardiovascular.Objetivo.Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la liraglutida como medica-mento coadyuvante para disminuir el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en personas con sobrepeso (IMC=25-30 kg/m2)y obesidad (IMC>30 kg/m2).Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Trip Database, Embase, PubMed, Scopus y Clinical Key sobre estudios que cumplieran los criterios de inclusión y que evaluaran la disminución de peso con el uso de liraglutida. Conclusiones. La liraglutida es un medicamento que reduce el IMC en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad; sin embargo, presenta efectos ad-versos que deben ser evaluados, razón por la cual es necesario ampliar la literatura y las líneas de investigación para, de esta manera, tener evi-dencia clara con la cual sea posible discutir su eficacia y seguridad como tratamiento coadyuvante en personas con sobrepeso

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are two conditions that have been increasing in Colombia and worldwide, what is wo-rry in about this is the predispose that illness can cause high mortality and mobility. Treatment of overweight and obesity needs multidisciplinary approach in which should be included healthy habits with change in diet and increase physical activi-ty, sometimes the use of medications and bariatric surgery can be taken in mind as adjuvant therapy. Different characteristics have been demonstrated in medications like GLP-1 specially liraglutide for weight lossObjective: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of liraglutide as a adjuvant medication to reduce the body mass index (BMI) in overweight (BMI: 25-30 Kg / m2) and obesity (BMI:> 30 Kg / m2) worldwideMaterials and methods: We will search for studies in the di-fferent databases (TRIP, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus and Clini-calKey), which must meet inclusion criteria and evaluate weight reduction with the use of liraglutide.Conclusions: Liraglutide is a medicine that reduces BMI in people with overweight and obesity, however, it has adverse effects that must be evaluated. Therefore, the li-terature and lines of research should be expanded in the future; and in this way have clear evidence to discuss the efficacy and safety of liraglutide as a adjuvant treatment in overweight people.

Introdução. Sobrepeso e obesidade são condições que estão aumentando na Colômbia e no mundo, o que é preocupante, pois gera predisposição para doenças que causam alta mor-bimortalidade. O tratamento para essas doenças requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar que inclua hábitos saudáveis com mudanças na dieta, aumento da atividade física e, às vezes, uso de drogas e cirurgia bariátrica como tratamento adjuvante. Alguns medicamentos para o GLP-1 provaram ser eficazes na perda de peso, especialmente o liraglutido, um medicamento usado como complemento à dieta e ao exercício para obter maior controle glicêmico em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que também apresentam doenças cardiovasculares.Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia e segurança do liraglutido como medicamento adjuvante para reduzir o índice de massa corpo-ral (IMC) em pessoas com sobrepeso (IMC = 25-30 kg /m2) e obesidade (IMC> 30 kg /m2).Materiais e métodos. Pesquisamos os bancos de dados Trip Database, Embase, PubMed, Scopus e Clinical Key em estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e que avaliaram a per-da de peso com o uso de liraglutido.Conclusões. O liraglutido é um medicamento que reduz o IMC em pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade; no entanto, apresenta efeitos adversos que devem ser avaliados, motivo pelo qual é necessário ampliar a literatura e as linhas de pesquisa para, dessa forma, ter evidências claras com as quais é possível dis-cutir sua eficácia e segurança como tratamento adjuvante em pessoas com excesso de peso.

Características demográficas, clínicas y reacciones adversas de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad: consumidores de orlistat atendidos por centro de atención telefónica (2009 ­ 2017) / Demographic and clinical characteristics, and adverse reactions of people with overweight and obesity consumers of orlistat, attended by a call center (2009 ­ 2017)

Resumen Introducción Las enfermedades crónicas van en ascenso y están asociadas al incremento ponderal. Se requieren estrategias multidisciplinarias para su control. Métodos El diseño es descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Los objetivos de esta comunicación son describir las características demográficas, clínicas y reacciones adversas de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad consumidores de orlistat, atendidos por un centro de atención telefónica durante el periodo 2009 a 2017; e identificar al profesional de la salud más consultado por ellos. La información se obtuvo desde una base de datos existente de un programa de atención a personas con sobrepeso u obesidad, interesadas en usar orlistat (prospectos) o usuarios (pacientes). El estudio se llevó a cabo en México y duró siete años. Las variables estudiadas fueron demográficas, clínicas y reacciones adversas. Resultados Se reunieron 311 913 solicitudes de 126 607 sujetos (104 711 prospectos interesados en consumir orlistat y 21 896 pacientes que ya lo tomaban). Las principales actividades fueron llamadas al sujeto (35,9%). Hubo 104 711 solicitudes: 82 810 (79,1%) prospectos y 21 896 (20,9%) pacientes. El 79,9% fue de sexo femenino. El intervalo de edad predominante fue de 32 a 45 años. Se detectaron 43 reacciones adversas (0,02%); las más comunes fueron dolor abdominal (0,05%) y cefalea (0,03%). Conclusiones La población más interesada en el control ponderal en este estudio es la femenina (79,9%) y el grupo etario de 32 a 45 años. El profesional más consultado fue el nutriólogo. Solo se obtuvo el índice de masa corporal (29,2 kilogramos por metro cuadrado) de los sujetos que desarrollaron 43 reacciones adversas, las más comunes fueron dolor abdominal y cefalea.

Introduction Chronic diseases are on the rise and are associated with weight gain. Multidisciplinary strategies are required for its control. Methods The design was descriptive, observational and retrospective. The objectives of this communication were to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and adverse reactions of overweight and obese people who were consumers of orlistat, attended by a call center during the period 2009 to 2017; and to identify the healthcare professional most consulted by them. The information was obtained from an existing database of a program of attention to people with overweight or obesity, interested in using orlistat (prospects) or users (patients). The study was carried out in Mexico and lasted seven years. The variables studied were demographic, clinical and adverse reactions. Results A total of 311,913 requests were collected from 126 607 subjects (104 711 prospects interested in consuming orlistat and 21 896 patients who already took it). The main activities were phone calls to the subject (35.9%). There were 104 711 requests: 82 810 (79.1%) prospects and 21 896 (20.9%) patients. 79.9% of all were female. The predominant age interval was 32 to 45 years. 43 adverse reactions (0.02%) were detected; the most common were abdominal pain (0.05%) and headache (0.03%). Conclusions The population most interested in weight control in this study was the female population (79.9%) and the age group from 32 to 45 years. The most consulted healthcare professional was the nutritionist. Only the body mass index (29.2 kilograms per square meter) of the subjects who developed 43 adverse reactions was obtained. There were 43 adverse reactions, the most common being abdominal pain and headache.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of amfepramone and mazindol as a monotherapy for the treatment of obese or overweight patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of amfepramone, fenproporex and mazindol as a monotherapy for the treatment of obese or overweight patients. A systematic review of primary studies was conducted, followed by a direct meta-analysis (random effect) and mixed treatment comparison. Medline and other databases were searched. Heterogeneity was explored through I2 associated with a p-value. Of 739 identified publications, 25 were included in the meta-analysis. The global evaluation of Cochrane resulted in 19 studies with a high level of bias and six with unclear risk. Due to the lack of information in primary studies, direct meta-analyses were conducted only for amfepramone and mazindol. Compared to placebo, amfepramone resulted in higher weight loss in the short-term (<180 days; mean difference (MD) -1.281 kg; p<0.05; I2: 0.0%; p=0.379) and long-term (≥180 days; MD -6.518 kg; p<0.05; I2: 0.0%; p=0.719). Only studies with long-term follow up reported efficacy in terms of abdominal circumference and 5-10% weight reduction. These results corroborated the finding that the efficacy of amfepramone is greater than that of placebo. Treatment with mazindol showed greater short-term weight loss than that with placebo (MD -1.721 kg; p<0.05; I2: 0.9%; p=0.388). However, metabolic outcomes were poorly described, preventing a meta-analysis. A mixed treatment comparison corroborated the direct meta-analysis. Considering the high level of risk of bias and the absence of important published outcomes for anti-obesity therapy assessments, this study found that the evaluated drugs showed poor evidence of efficacy in the treatment of overweight and obese patients. Robust safety data were not identified to suggest changes in their regulatory status.

Effect of metformin and flutamide on anthropometric indices and laboratory tests in obese/overweight PCOS women under hypocaloric diet

This study was designed to investigate the effect of metformin and flutamide alone or in combination with anthropometric indices and laboratory tests of obese/overweight PCOS women under hypocaloric diet. This single blind clinical trial was performed on 120 PCOS women. At the beginning, hypocaloric diet was recommended for the patients. After one month while they were on the diet, the patients were randomly divided in 4 groups; metformin [500 mg, 3/day], flutamide [250 mg, 2/day], combined, metformin [500 mg, 3/day] with flutamide [250 mg, 2/day] and finally placebo group. The patients were treated for 6 months. Anthropometric indices and laboratory tests [fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin levels, lipid profile and androgens] were measured. A one-way ANOVA [Post Hoc] and paired t-test were performed to analyze data. A p

Nuevas drogas en el tratamiento de la obesidad y el sobrepeso / New drugs for the treatment of obesity and overweight / Novas drogas no tratamento da Obesidade e Sobrepeso

a obesidad y el sobrepeso se asocian con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad global y de padecer numerosas patologías crónicas, y son muy difíciles de tratar. Es por esto que la implementación de medidas farmacológicas seguras y eficaces reviste una suprema importancia. La lorcaserina y la combinación fentermina/topiramato son nuevas opciones farmacológicas aprobadas en el año 2012 por la FDA (Food and Drugs Administration de los Estados Unidos), a pesar de su compleja forma de administración, y los requerimientos de un programa de entrenamiento y de monitoreo de postmarketing. En el artículo se describen las nuevas drogas aprobadas, sus mecanismos de acción, efectos adversos, características farmacocinéticas su uso en situaciones especiales, y los inconvenientes con las drogas previamente aprobadas y que fueron retiradas del mercado.Palabras clave: obesidad, sobrepeso, topiramato, fentermina, lorcaserin

besity and overweight are associated with an increased risk of overall mortality and the development of many chronic diseases, and they are very difficult to treat. That is why the implementation of safe and effective pharmacological measures is of paramount importance. Lorcaserin and the combination of phentermine/topiramate are two new pharmacological therapies for chronic weight management. They were approved in 2012 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, despite concerns over its complex form of administration and the requirement of a training and post-marketing surveillance program.This article describes newly approved drugs, their mechanisms of action, side effects, pharmacokinetics, and their use in special situations, along with the drawbacks of previously approved drugs that were withdrawn from the market.

A obesidade e o sobrepeso são associados a um maiorrisco de mortalidade global e ao padecimento de numerosaspatologias crônicas, e são muito difícies de tratar. É poristo que a implementação de medidas farmaco lógicasseguras e eficazes possui uma suprema importância.A lorcaserina e a combinação fentemina/topiramato sãonovas opções farmacológicas aprovadas no ano 2012pela FDA (Food and Drugs Administration de los EstadosUnidos), apesar da sua complexa forma de administração, eos requerimentos de um programa de treinamento e demonitoramento de postmarketing. No artigo estão descritas as novas drogas aprova das,seus mecanismos de ação, efeitos adversos, característicasfarmacocinéticas, seu uso em situações especiais, e osinconvenientes com as drogas previamente aprovadas eque foram retiradas do mercado.

Uso de drogas antiobesidade entre estudantes universitários / Use of anti-obesity drugs among college students

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso de drogas antiobesidade entre estudantes de uma universidade pública. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística constituída por 664 universitários. Foram observadas variáveis socioeconômicas, antropométricas e uso das drogas. O índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC) foram classificados segundo critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde. RESULTADOS: Uso atual ou anterior de agentes antiobesidade foi referido por 6,8 por cento dos estudantes. As anfetaminas e as aminas simpaticomiméticas (40,5 por cento) foram as drogas mais usadas. Entre aqueles que referiram uso de agentes antiobesidade, 62,2 por cento eram do sexo feminino. Apenas 31,1 por cento das prescrições foram indicadas por médicos. As médias de IMC e CC foram maiores entre estudantes que referiram uso de tais drogas, mas 47 por cento deles foram classificados como eutróficos pelo IMC, e 76,5 por cento apresentavam medida de CC normal. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de drogas antiobesidade se mostrou preocupante, principalmente pela elevada proporção de uso sem indicação ou prescrição médica.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of anti-obesity drugs among students attending a public university. METHODS: This was a cross sectional random study of 664 college students. Drug use, socioeconomic, and anthropometric variables were observed. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were classified according to World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: Current or previous use of anti-obesity drugs was reported by 6.8 percent of students. Amphetamine and sympathomimetic amines (40.5 percent) were the most commonly used drugs. Among those who reported use of anti-obesity agents, 62.2 percent were female. Only 31.1 percent of medications were prescribed by doctors. Mean BMI and WC were higher among students reporting the use of such drugs, but 47 percent of them were classified as eutrophic by BMI, and 76.5 percent had normal WC measure. CONCLUSION: The use of anti-obesity drugs among college students is of concern, particularly due to the high proportion of drug use without indication or prescription.

Frecuencia y factores de riesgo asociados a sobrepeso y obesidad en universitarios de Colima, México / The frequency of risk factors associated with obesity and being overweight in university students from Colima, Mexico

Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia y factores de riesgo para sobrepeso y obesidad en jóvenes universitarios. Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en 821 alumnos inscritos de la Universidad de Colima. Entre las variables analizadas se encuentran: edad, género, alcoholismo, tabaquismo y utilización de medicamentos o sustancias para control de peso. Resultados Se estudiaron 821 alumnos (380 hombres y 441 mujeres) con una edad promedio de 20,9±2,5 años. Las frecuencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en hombres fueron de 27,8 por ciento y 14,7 por ciento y en mujeres de 17 por ciento y 5,2 por ciento. En hombres el tabaquismo (OR 2,1, IC 95 por ciento 1,4-3,8;p=0,01) y etilismo (OR 2,1, IC 95 por ciento 1,2-3,6;p=0,003), estuvieron asociados a sobrepeso y obesidad. Fueron factores protectores en ambos géneros el uso de sustancias para control de peso (OR 0,4, IC 95 por ciento 0,2-0,8;p=0,01); mientras que el control dietético fue un factor protector sólo en las mujeres (OR 2,2, IC 95 por ciento 1,1- 3,4;p=0,01). Conclusiones En estudiantes universitarios, el 31,6 por ciento presentó sobrepeso y obesidad. En hombres, el tabaquismo y etilismo se asociaron a sobrepeso y obesidad. El uso de sustancias para bajar de peso y control dietético fueron factores protectores.

Objective Determining risk factor frequency regarding obesity and being overweight in university students. Methods A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out on 821 students from the University of Colima. Some variables analysed were age, gender, alcoholism, smoking and weight-control drug use. Results 821 students were included (380 male, 441 female), 20.9±2.5 average age. 27.8 percent of males were overweight and 14.7 percent suffered from obesity; this was 17 percent and 5.2 percent in females, respectively. Smoking (2.1 OR; 1.4-3.8 95 percent CI; p=0.01) and alcoholism (2.1 OR; 1.2-3.6 95 percent CI; p=0.003) were associated with being overweight and being obese. Weight-control drug use was a protective factor in both genders (0.4 OR; 0.2-0.8 95 percent CI; p=0.01); diet control was only a protective factor in women (2.2. OR; 1.1-3.4 95 percent CI; p=0.01). Conclusions 31.6 percent of university students were overweight and suffered from obesity. Smoking and alcoholism in males were associated with being overweight and suffering from obesity. Weight-control and diet-control drug use were protective factors.